宫颈环扎术治疗完全性纵隔子宫并双宫颈双阴道一例并文献复习

先天性子宫畸形合并宫颈功能不全发病率可高达30%。纵隔子宫作为一种先天性子宫畸形,育龄妇女患病率约为0.2%~2.3%;具有较高的不孕、流产和早产风险。报告1例完全性纵隔子宫并双宫颈双阴道患者,妊娠前宫腔镜下行子宫纵隔切除术,孕14周经阴道行双侧宫颈预防性环扎术,孕23⁺⁶周宫口开大,保守治疗,孕30⁺¹周早产临产拆线,最终自然分娩并抱婴回家的临床处置经过,并回顾总结近年国内外纵隔子宫合并妊娠的诊治进展。     

捆绑带束缚压力对兔胫骨骨折模型愈合影响的生物力学研究

目的探讨捆绑带应用于兔胫骨骨折动物模型,在不同束缚压力下骨折愈合的生物力学特点。方法 45只成年新西兰大白兔随机分为3组,建立兔胫骨干非负重骨折动物模型,髓内固定后,分别在骨折部位加用200、150、100 N束缚压力的捆绑带固定,术后2、4、6周测量标本的三点弯曲强度、拉伸强度、旋转强度,观察不同时期模型生物力学的变化及与骨折愈合过程变化的关系。结果术后2周测试3组的三点弯曲强度、拉伸强度、旋转强度,有明显统计学差异(P<0.05),其中200 N组最大,100 N组最小;术后4周测试3组的三点弯曲强度、拉伸强度、旋转强度,有明显统计学差异(P<0.05),150 N组最大,100 N组最小;术后6周测试3组的三点弯曲强度、拉伸强度、旋转强度,有明显统计学差异(P<0.05),150 N组最大,200 N组最小。结论适宜的捆绑带压力对骨折愈合的过程有帮助,通过增加断端的稳定性同时避免应力遮挡,能够促进骨折断端的愈合。     

Novel developments on cervical length screening and progesterone for preventing preterm birth

Cervical length (CL) measured by transvaginal ultrasound is an effective screening test for the prevention of preterm birth (PTB). The criteria for an effective screening test are all met by CL. It studies an important condition (PTB); it is safe and acceptable by >99% of women; it recognises an early asymptomatic phase that precedes PTB by many weeks; it has a well-described technique, is reproducible, is predictive of PTB in all populations studies so far; and, perhaps most importantly, it has been shown that 'early' treatment is effective in prevention. These two interventions, effective only in specific populations, are ultrasound-indicated cerclage and vaginal progesterone.     

单胎妊娠短子宫颈孕妇不同方式治疗后的临床结局及其影响因素分析

目的探讨不同子宫颈长度、不同诊断孕周的单胎妊娠短子宫颈孕妇,接受不同方式治疗后妊娠结局的差异并分析其影响因素。方法收集2018年1月1日至12月31日于北京大学第一医院妇产科产前检查,妊娠12~33周+6超声检查诊断为短子宫颈(≤25 mm)的单胎妊娠孕妇435例的临床资料,进行回顾性队列分析。435例短子宫颈孕妇中,子宫颈长度<10 mm 21例,≥10 mm 414例;诊断孕周<24周106例,24~29周+6104例,≥30周225例。根据治疗方式不同分为单纯休息组、孕酮组、环扎组,比较不同子宫颈长度、不同诊断孕周下3组孕妇的孕37周前分娩率、34周前分娩率、新生儿出生体重、新生儿不良结局等妊娠结局,并分析其影响因素。结果(1)短子宫颈的发生率为7.07%(435/6155),其中,诊断孕周<24周106例(1.72%,106/6155)、24~29周+6104例(1.69%,104/6155)、≥30周225例(3.66%,225/6155)。(2)子宫颈长度<10 mm的21例短子宫颈孕妇中,单纯休息组8例,孕酮组1例,环扎组12例。单纯休息组和环扎组的中位分娩孕周[分别为28.5周(25.0~40.0周)、37.0周(28.0~40.0周),U=18.000,P=0.020]、新生儿出生体重[分别为1245 g(630~3830 g)、2648 g(1560~3830 g),U=19.500,P=0.028]分别比较,差异均有统计学意义。环扎组的新生儿不良结局优于单纯休息组(分别为3/12、6/8),但两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.065);(3)子宫颈长度≥10 mm且诊断孕周<24周的96例短子宫颈孕妇中,单纯休息组36例,孕酮组26例,环扎组34例,3组的分娩孕周、校正后的孕37周前分娩率、孕34周前分娩率、新生儿出生体重、新生儿不良结局分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。多因素回归分析显示,辅助生殖技术助孕(OR=11.97,95%CI为1.88~76.44,P=0.009)、感染(OR=46.03,95%CI为5.12~413.58,P=0.001)、羊膜腔内絮状沉积物(OR=9.87,95%CI为1.69~57.60,P=0.011)、妊娠期短子宫颈史(OR=7.24,95%CI为1.04~50.24,P=0.045)为早产的独立危险因素。(4)子宫颈长度≥10 mm且诊断孕周为24~29周+6的95例短子宫颈孕妇中,单纯休息组52例、孕酮组34例、子宫颈环扎术组9例。各治疗组的分娩孕周、孕37周前分娩率、孕34周前分娩率、新生儿出生体重和新生儿不良结局分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。感染是早产的独立危险因素(OR=56.40,95%CI为4.67~680.61,P=0.002)。(5)子宫颈长度≥10 mm且诊断孕周≥30周的223例短子宫颈孕妇中,孕34周前分娩率为6.3%(14/223),妊娠结局良好。各治疗组的分娩孕周、孕37周前分娩率、孕34周前分娩率、新生儿出生体重和新生儿不良结局分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。感染(OR=10.91,95%CI为2.21~53.96,P=0.003)和早产史(OR=8.63,95%CI为1.25~59.65,P=0.029)是早产的独立危险因素。结论短子宫颈是妊娠期较常见的并发症,子宫颈长度<10 mm的短子宫颈孕妇行子宫颈环扎术治疗的结局优于单纯休息和孕酮治疗;子宫颈长度≥10 mm的短子宫颈孕妇行孕酮及子宫颈环扎术治疗与单纯休息相比,妊娠结局无明显差异。感染、羊膜腔内絮状沉积物、辅助生殖技术助孕、妊娠期短子宫颈史、早产史是短子宫颈孕妇早产的独立危险因素。     

Role of percutaneous cerclage wire in the management of subtrochanteric fractures treated with intramedullary nails

Purpose: Cerclage wire application has emerged as a potential therapeutic adjunct to intramedullary nailing for subtrochanteric fractures. But its popularity is plagued by the concern of possible negative effect on fracture zone biology. This study was intended to analyze the clinico-radiological outcome and complications associated with cerclage wire application. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on all the subtrochanteric fractures operated with intramedullary nailing between January 2012 and January 2016. After exclusion, 48 patients were available with an average follow-up of 20.8 months. Long oblique, spiral, spiral wedge or comminuted fracture configurations with butterfly fragments were particularly considered for cerclage wire application, which was employed by percutaneous cerclage passer in 21 patients. Assessment was done in terms of operation time, blood loss, quality of reduction, neck-shaft angle, follow-up redisplacement, union time, complications, and final functional evaluation by Merle d’Aubigne''-Postel score. Results: Average operation time and blood loss were significantly higher in cerclage group (p < 0.05). However, cerclage use substantially improved quality of reduction in terms of maximum cortical displacement (p = 0.003) and fracture angulation (p = 0.045); anatomical reduction was achieved in 95.23% of cases as compared to 74.07% without cerclage. Union time was shorter, although not statistically different (p = 0.208), in cerclage group. Four patients in non-cerclage group developed non-union, 2 of them had nail breakage. No infection or any other implant related complications were reported with cerclage use. Conclusion: Minimally-invasive cerclage wire application has proved to be beneficial for anatomical reconstruction in difficult subtrochanteric fractures, whenever applicable, without any harmful effect on fracture biology.     

Laparoscopic removal of abdominal cerclage.

Abdominal cerclage is necessary when the more commonly used transvaginal cerclage fails or anatomical abnormalities of the cervix preclude transvaginal placement. The disadvantage of an abdominal approach is that the patient can expect 2 laparotomies during her pregnancy, one for cerclage placement and the other associated with cesarean delivery. We report on an abdominal cerclage removed laparoscopically in the case of an intrauterine fetal death at 17 weeks. This minimally invasive surgical technique eliminates the need for laparotomy in response to a poor pre-viable pregnancy outcome.     

Laparoscopic abdominal cerclage.

Abdominal cerclages are necessary when the standard transvaginal cerclages fail or anatomical abnormalities preclude the vaginal placement. The disadvantage of the transabdominal approach is that it requires at least 2 laparotomies with significant morbidity and hospital stays. We discuss a case of abdominal cerclage performed laparoscopically. We feel it offers less morbidity and in the proper hands eliminates or significantly shortens hospital stays.     

经腹宫颈环扎术——利物浦经验

宫颈机能不全是孕12~24周妊娠中期流产的常见原因。目前经阴道宫颈环扎术后妊娠失败时推荐经腹宫颈环扎术,成功率可达90%。总结了单中心近20年应用经腹宫颈环扎术的经验,发现孕前经腹宫颈环扎术与孕早期应用比较,当存在其他病理情况时会增加早产率。可见,孕前经腹宫颈环扎能更成功地预防妊娠中期反复自然流产和早产分娩,且由其引发的手术和妊娠相关疾病的发生率较妊娠早期经腹宫颈环扎术更少。妊娠中期流产女性是一个多种多样的异质群体,其临床表现和病因各不相同,目前尚无准确收集的数据样本,很难确定妊娠并发症的实际发生率。在英国利物浦,一个以妊娠前调查为起点的标准化方案,自从20世纪80年代后期就已经被普遍应用。病因包括抗磷脂综合征、宫颈机能不全、感染和先天性子宫异常。通过筛查分析504例孕中期的流产病例,发现50%有一个潜在病因,10%有两重病因,1%有三重病因。     

宫颈环扎术的过去、现状和将来

宫颈机能不全是中晚期流产和早产的重要原因,其特点是无痛性宫颈扩张,通常不伴有子宫收缩和出血。多年来,宫颈环扎术是治疗宫颈机能不全的有效方法,本文聚焦宫颈环扎术,讨论宫颈环扎术的诊断、适应证、禁忌证、外科手术入路(经阴道,腹腔镜或开腹手术)、环扎手术时机(孕前或孕期环扎)、手术方式、技术的选择、缝线的正确放置位置、药物辅助治疗(如孕激素和抗生素)和宫颈环扎带的移除。腹腔镜宫颈环扎术的应用日益广泛,最近报道宫颈环扎术不必为了放置环扎带而分离下推膀胱,而是直接在子宫峡部进行环扎(极简式腹腔镜宫颈环扎术),这使术式的学习更容易、学习曲线更短,这一术式有深远的影响,将在不久的将来得到更为广泛的应用。